Sexual harassment remains a serious issue in Nigeria, affecting people in workplaces, educational institutions, and even the highest levels of governance. Despite growing awareness, Nigeria still lacks a comprehensive legal framework that explicitly defines and criminalizes sexual harassment in all sectors. The recent controversy involving Senator Natasha Akpoti-Uduaghan and Senate President Godswill Akpabio has reignited public discourse on the challenges victims face in seeking justice.
Legal Gaps in Addressing Sexual Harassment
Nigeria does not have a single law dedicated to sexual harassment. Instead, victims must navigate a collection of laws that address certain aspects of the issue. The Criminal Code, applicable in Southern Nigeria, and the Penal Code, used in the North, criminalize indecent assault and gross indecency, but they do not explicitly define sexual harassment. The Violence Against Persons (Prohibition) Act (VAPP) of 2015 prohibits various forms of violence, including psychological and emotional abuse, but it is only enforceable in the Federal Capital Territory unless adopted by individual states.
The Labour Act does not provide explicit protections against workplace sexual harassment, leaving many employees without legal recourse. The Employee Compensation Act recognizes mental stress in the workplace but does not specifically address sexual harassment as a contributing factor. In the education sector, the Sexual Harassment in Tertiary Educational Institutions Prohibition Bill, passed in 2020, criminalizes sexual harassment in higher institutions, but concerns remain about its enforcement. Despite these existing laws, enforcement is often weak, and many victims face stigma, intimidation, or a lack of institutional support when seeking justice.
The Natasha Akpoti-Uduaghan vs. Godswill Akpabio Allegations
In March 2025, Senator Natasha Akpoti-Uduaghan publicly accused Senate President Godswill Akpabio of sexual harassment, claiming that he made unwanted advances and implied that her legislative initiatives would only progress if she complied. Akpabio has denied the allegations. Following her accusations, the Nigerian Senate suspended Akpoti-Uduaghan for six months, citing misconduct and procedural violations unrelated to her claims.
Her suspension has sparked national outrage, particularly among women’s rights groups and civil society organizations. Protests under the slogan “We Are All Natasha” have emerged, with activists arguing that the suspension reflects a broader pattern of institutional silencing of women who speak out against harassment and abuse. Others have insisted that due process must be followed and that the legal system should determine the truth of the allegations. It is important to note that these claims remain allegations, and parts of the matter are now sub judice, meaning they are under legal consideration and should not be prejudged.
Barriers to Justice and the Need for Reform
The Natasha Akpoti-Uduaghan case highlights the systemic challenges victims of sexual harassment face in Nigeria. The absence of a clear and comprehensive law creates confusion and legal loopholes. Even when laws exist, weak enforcement and institutional complicity often prevent victims from obtaining justice. Many fear retaliation, social stigma, or professional consequences if they speak out. In cases involving powerful individuals, institutions often prioritize protecting the accused rather than ensuring a fair investigation.
Addressing these challenges requires a national law that clearly defines sexual harassment and establishes a framework for prevention, reporting, and punishment. Stronger enforcement mechanisms are necessary, along with whistleblower protections to shield victims and witnesses from retaliation. Workplaces, schools, and public institutions must implement concrete policies, including training programs, reporting structures, and disciplinary measures for offenders. Additionally, victims need better access to support systems, including counseling, legal aid, and safe spaces to report abuse without fear.
While the Akpoti-Uduaghan and Akpabio case is still unfolding, it has already sparked a broader national conversation about sexual harassment, institutional accountability, and gender justice. The outcome of this case, and how Nigeria chooses to respond, will be a test of the country’s commitment to protecting victims and ensuring equal rights for all.
